Fireworks are amazing to watch worldwide, but it’s important to remember that firework safety is key. Fireworks come in different categories, such as F1, F2, F3 and F4, each with specific features and safety rules. In this blog, we will explain what each category means and how you can stay safe while enjoying them.
CE Classification System for fireworks
Fireworks are classified into four main groups under the CE classification system. This system, often known as the CE marking system, is a regulatory framework used within the European Economic Area (EEA) to indicate compliance with the European Union (EU) legislation regarding health, safety and environmental protection standards.
The CE classification system categorises fireworks into different groups based on their intended use, hazard level and how they perform. Typically, F1 and F2 fireworks are suitable for the general public, whereas F3 and F4 are designed for use by trained professional pyrotechnicians.
What happened to British Standards (BS)
Until mid-2017, some fireworks had a British Standards (BS) label; however, as of 2024, it is now illegal to sell fireworks under BS as the UK now aligns with the CE classification system.
Under BS, Cat F1 fireworks were labelled as garden fireworks with a 5m safety distance or display fireworks with a 25m safety distance, with no middle ground.
CE fireworks are considered better than BS fireworks. However, some fireworks are enjoyed by Europeans but are still banned in the UK. Eventually, there will be a fireworks regulation replacement for CE regulations, but CE remains in place for now.
What are F1 fireworks?
Category F1 fireworks are designed with safety in mind and are deemed a low hazard. They typically produce minimal noise and have a low risk of causing damage, making them ideal for indoor use or confined spaces.
Examples of F1 fireworks included:
- Party poppers
- Sparklers
- Small novelty items ( like Crazy Ball Big by Klasek )
Safety precautions:
Even though F1-categorised fireworks don’t reach far when fired, it is essential to maintain supervision when handling F1 fireworks to ensure safety, and the minimal safety distance is 1 metre.
What are F2 fireworks?
F2 fireworks are classified as medium-hazard fireworks. They are larger and more powerful than F1 fireworks but are still considered relatively safe when handled properly.
F2 fireworks are suitable for outdoor use in larger spaces such as public parks or fields, and they are commonly used in community events, festivals or private garden firework celebrations.
Examples of F2 Fireworks are:
Safety precautions:
While F2 fireworks are designed to be safer than F3 and F4 fireworks, they still require caution and proper handling. When lighting Cat F2 fireworks outside, it’s recommended that spectators stand at least 8 metres away and ensure there is adult supervision.
In addition to maintaining distance, it is important to store fireworks in cool, dry places away from ignition sources.
Watch the video below as Mark shares his thoughts on why some F2 fireworks could benefit from longer safety distances.
What are F3 fireworks?
F3 fireworks are classified as high-hazard fireworks. They are much larger, more powerful and capable of producing louder bangs and brighter effects than F1 and F2 fireworks.
Category F3 fireworks are the largest and most powerful fireworks available to the general public. While they are often used in professional public events, they are fully legal for consumers to purchase for private displays. Because they produce much larger bursts and louder bangs, they require a minimum safety distance of 25 metres.
Examples of F3 fireworks:
Safety precautions:
Due to their higher hazard level, F3 fireworks require a minimum safety distance of 25 metres according to safety guidelines given by the EEA.
Only trained pyrotechnicians should handle and ignite F3 fireworks, and F3 firework displays should be conducted in compliance with local regulations and safety standards.
What are F4 fireworks?
The highest category of fireworks is F4, and these are classified as extremely high-hazard fireworks. This is why F4 fireworks are primarily used in professional pyrotechnic displays for major events such as city New Year celebrations and special events such as concerts, weddings, and sporting events.
Examples of F4 fireworks:
Safety precautions:
Handling F4 fireworks requires specialised training. Only licensed pyrotechnicians should handle F4 fireworks to prevent accidents for both spectators and operators.
If you’ve ever wondered what it takes to be a professional pyrotechnician for Cat F4 fireworks, we are holding a Cat F4 experience day; book your slot today!
General Firework Safety Tips
- Store fireworks in a cool, dry place away from heat sources and flammable materials
- Read and follow manufacturer instructions carefully to ensure you handle and ignite safely
- Keep a bucket of water, hose or fire extinguisher nearby in case of emergencies
- Choose a clear, open space away from buildings and trees to ignite fireworks
- Ensure spectators adhere to safety distance guidelines
- Never attempt to relight malfunctioning fireworks or approach duds; wait at least 20 minutes before handling them
Firework Hazard Levels
As well as fireworks being organised into categories depending on the intended use and performance, they are also categorised based on their level of danger due to their chemical composition and design. These can be organised by:
- Hazard type 1 ( HT1 or 1.1g fireworks )
1.1g fireworks contain the highest explosive composition and pose the most significant risk. These are usually Cat F3/4 fireworks and are only used in professional displays for significant events. - Hazard type 2 ( HT2 or 1.2g fireworks )
1.2g fireworks still contain significant amounts of explosive material; however, they are less hazardous than 1.1g fireworks. - Hazard type 3 ( HT3 or 1.3g fireworks )
1.3G (HT3) fireworks have a higher powder content and are common in high-performance rockets and cakes. Contrary to popular belief, 1.3G fireworks ARE legal for consumer use; they simply require more stringent storage and transport regulations, which we handle as a specialist retailer. - Hazard type 4 ( HT4 or 1.4g fireworks )
1.4g fireworks pose a low fire hazard and are designed for use by the general public. These fireworks are commonly sold in retail stores, and people can buy them for personal celebrations in the garden.
What type of firework should you buy?
When selecting what fireworks to purchase, it is crucial to consider various factors to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Begin by assessing the category type and hazard level of fireworks suitable for your event and venue.
For Private Displays & Home Gardens
As a consumer, you can legally buy and fire Category F1, F2, and F3 fireworks.
- Small Gardens: Stick to Cat F2 (8-metre distance) and 1.4G hazard levels. These provide beautiful effects without overwhelming a compact space.
- Large Gardens & Fields: If you have at least 25 metres of space, go for Cat F3 and 1.3G hazard levels. This is where you get the massive “pro-style” bursts and maximum volume.
For Public & Large Community Events
If you are organising a display for a pub, club, or local charity, you can still use Cat F3 fireworks yourself. However, for a safe and successful event, you must:
- Conduct a Risk Assessment: Formulate a clear safety plan and firing order.
- Check Your Insurance: Ensure your public liability insurance covers firework displays.
- Go Professional for F4: If your event requires Category F4 (professional-grade shells), you must hire a licensed pyrotechnic team.
In conclusion, fireworks can be a fun and exciting way to celebrate special occasions, but safety should always be a top priority. By understanding the different categories of fireworks and their corresponding safety guidelines, you can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience for everyone involved.
With the right category selected, you can sit back, relax, and enjoy a homemade DIY display!
